Labeling theory was suggested by Edwin Lemert (1912-1996) in 1951 and was then developed by Howard Becker (b. 1928) in 1963. This theory is related to the social action perspective. The labeling procedure includes deviance and criminality, certain acts are criminal because they have been labeled that way, these labels are created by the powerful in society, such as the government. Frank Tannenbaum (1893-1969) stated that self-fulfilling prophecy could occur when someone is labeled a "criminal". Self-fulfilling prophecy is when a prediction of something then becomes a fact. If you have the label of "delinquency" or "criminality", the individual may have difficulty finding a job and therefore earn less money, which may lead them to return to crime. People in society expect "criminals" to behave in a certain way. People with this label may find it difficult to fit into society. Moral panic is a definition that is given when a group of people becomes known as a threat to society's beliefs. Labeling theory has many strengths in that it provides a reason why people with certain labels behave in certain ways. It also attempts to understand how and why labeling has such a powerful impact on the rest of society. This theory also explains some people's behavior because they are labeled at a young age. On the other hand, there are many weaknesses in this theory as the upper class tends not to be labeled, so this theory is biased as it does not explain white collar crime. If you are labeled a criminal, you will be less likely to find a job and may return to crime to support yourself. This theory does not explain why some people commit crime in... middle of paper... tested in 2013 by the Equality and Human Rights Commission said that in some areas of England and Wales, black people had 29 times more likely to be stopped and searched. Left realists want to reduce crime in society through more community-based improvements, such as reducing differences within communities by improving people's lives, giving communities a meaning of connectedness, and not using harsh punishments such as incarceration. The advantages of left realist theory are that it challenges the ideal Marxist view of crime. It also considers the victim's experiences and offers potential solutions. Furthermore, it highlights the exploitation of young people and ethnic minorities. However, the weakness of this theory is that the government is not willing to spend enough money to change poor areas and there is no guarantee that it will work anyway..