EpidemiologyAt least 50% of all adults and children are exposed to a psychologically traumatic event (such as a life-threatening assault or accident, a natural or man or war). As many as 67% of trauma survivors experience lasting psychosocial impairment, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); panic, phobic or generalized anxiety disorders; depression; or substance abuse. (Van der Kolk, et al, 1994) Symptoms of PTSD include persistent involuntary re-experiencing of traumatic distress, emotional numbness and detachment from other people, and hyperarousal (irritability, insomnia, fear, nervous agitation). PTSD is linked to structural neurochemical changes in the central nervous system that can have a direct biological effect on health, such as vulnerability to hypertension and atherosclerotic heart disease; abnormalities in the thyroid and other hormonal functions; increased susceptibility to infections and immunological disorders; and problems with pain perception, pain tolerance, and chronic pain. (Fesler, 1991) PTSD is associated with significant behavioral health risks, including smoking, poor nutrition, conflict or violence in intimate relationships, and anger or hostility. Etiology of Veteran PTSDAmerican veterans have experienced trauma related to the Vietnam War. (Friedman, 1998) War trauma included participating in frequent or prolonged combat missions in enemy territory, encountering ambushes, and...
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