Nothing - from the point of view of this purely rational approach. A third example comes from a position that moral decisions should be based only on pragmatic considerations and that practical concerns should always prevail over theory or ethics. From a purely rational point of view, if we deny the universality or existence of external forces, we are rationally obliged to follow that course. Indeed, the very word "rationalize" has come to imply the kinds of consequences that arise from this kind of reasoning. If you think about it, pragmatism – in this guise – taken to extremes can be used to rationalize virtually any action anyone or any nation has ever taken. The rational ideologies that captured the imagination of the Russian intelligentsia in the 1860s were a mixture of ideas influenced by a mixture of the currents of English utilitarianism (Mill), utopian socialism (Marx and others) and social Darwinism: all of these are somehow reflected in Raskolnikov's character. For example, Raskolnikov's idea that superior individuals have the right to act independently