The party implemented arrests and censorship and political prisoners were tortured, however prior to this decline Iran saw tremendous economic and social improvements; Among Iran's many revolutions was the Shah's “White Revolution,” a top-down socio-economic revolution that introduced the construction of infrastructure, industry and education. Oil revenues rose from $554,000,000 in 1964 to $20,000,000,000 in 1976, and the Shah invested much of that money in Iran's future; the population grew, infant mortality decreased and a new professional middle class was formed. The “White Revolution” however was not universally popular and was opposed by the Shia cleric; Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Khomeini spoke out against the White Revolution from a very fundamentalist Islam, complaining that the revolution would guarantee more rights for women (including the right to vote), but he also attacked the government for "Electoral fraud and other constitutional abuses, negligence towards the poor and the sale of oil to Israel”. Khomeini also believed that the power of a king was intrinsically un-Islamic and that the Shia tradition was to fight that power. However, the Iranian revolution of 1979 did not begin with the creation of an Islamic state: it was the rise to power among the dissatisfied Iranians to overthrow a power they perceived as corrupt and insensitive to the needs of its citizens. Despite, or probably because of, the oil industry, many Iranians did not enjoy economic growth; universities churned out more graduates than jobs, and agricultural change had the predictable result of replacing workers