For many years, citizens of developed countries believed that tuberculosis (TB) was a disease of the past. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can be caused by various strains of mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a waxy coating on the cell surface which makes it highly resistant to Gram staining and therefore must be identified using acid-fast techniques. Despite its resistance to Gram staining, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is classified as a Gram-positive acid-fast bacterium due to the lack of an outer cell membrane. In addition to stain resistance, the cell wall has many characteristics that currently make it the focus of numerous new studies. While some researchers struggle to understand the exact reasons for the resurgence of tuberculosis, others are looking for new mechanisms and ways to inhibit the disease. (1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, first discovered by Robert Koch in 1882, is an aerobic bacillus. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is naturally a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system due to its need for an oxygen-rich environment. In this species, cell division occurs at an unusually slow rate. Cell division can take 15 to 20 hours, which is extremely slow compared to other bacteria. This bacterium requires very little water activity and can survive in a dry state for long periods of time. The lipid-rich cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the organism's ability to resist disinfectants and the ability to act virulently. Alveolar macrophages in the lungs absorb Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but are unable to digest the bacterium. The bacterial cell wall inhibits the fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome by blocking a bridging molecule known as early endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1). However, obstruction of the bridging molecule does