One of the many controversial issues of the early 19th century was the removal of numerous Indian tribes from their homeland. Andrew Jackson, “a former frontiersman and Indian fighter,” was a major catalyst in the removal of Native Americans. Perhaps in response to the controversy surrounding Jackson's actions regarding Indian removal, and obviously to justify his and the United States' conduct toward Native Americans, Jackson delivered a message to Congress. The message is recorded in the messages and papers of the presidents in a book entitled "Andrew Jackson, First Annual Message to Congress" (1829). The message simply underlines the choice to continue to take Indians away from their natural heritage. One of Jackson's justifications is that America's intentions have always been to help the natives. He says: "professing the desire to civilize and colonize them, we at the same time did not miss the opportunity to purchase their lands and push them further and further into the desert." He is declaring that America's attempt to rob Native people of their land happened inevitably. This is a description of manifest destiny. Jackson states that the fate of the Indians who will lose their land awaits them uncertainly if they remain within the limits of the state and admits of no doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort be made to avert so great a calamity. With this Jackson was essentially warning the natives not to cooperate with America's manifest destiny. the Indians should simply cooperate peacefully or be subject to (American) laws. Native American desperation, a major issue of the early 19th century, still touches the hearts of many, even today. All literature developed during the era refers to Indian removal, some of which was illustrated from Caucasian perspectives, which are mostly in favor of Native removal. To encourage Native American civilization the Washington administration developed a policy ("Memorial"). Native Americans codified their own legal system, printed their own newspapers, and even owned slaves. literature describing the Native American perspective and their struggle was finally published. in an article "Memorial of the Cherokee Nation" (1830), an emotional account of the opposing perspective of the Indians is eloquently depicted, although their evident acceptance of the opposing perspective of the Indians is eloquently described.,