The intervention was established in 1983 by Dr. Stephen J. Bavolek and is based on the learning concepts of psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral approaches (Family Development Resources, 2015; Nurturing Parenting Programs, 2016). Programs are divided into three levels of prevention: primary, which focuses on preventing abuse and neglect before parents give birth to their child; secondary, which focuses on intervening during the early stages of mistreatment before it turns into abuse; and tertiary, which focuses on treating families identified by social services by replacing abusive and neglectful parenting styles with nurturing parenting techniques (Family Development Resources, 2015). "The main objectives of the NPP are to: increase parents' sense of self-worth, personal empowerment, empathy, bonding and attachment; increase the use of alternative strategies to harsh and abusive disciplinary practices; increase parents' knowledge of developmental expectations age-appropriate; and reduce rates of abuse and neglect" (Nurturing Parenting Programs,