Science and its connection with the outside world, that is, with the social and political sphere, has several important implications. The values that society places on various issues are one of the major factors in deciding what scientific research will be pursued. Some, such as Thomas Kuhn, supported the ideal of valuelessness within science and promoted the function of autonomous science. Others, such as Heather Douglas, argue that science can (and should) be directly influenced by value society while maintaining its status as a source of new and reliable knowledge. These two approaches to science are in complete contrast to each other and therefore cannot both be absolutely correct. This article will analyze these two approaches to the value-free ideal for science and the need for science to function autonomously. According to Thomas Kuhn, after an issue has been selected to be pursued by scientific research, the role of values (given by society) should decrease greatly if not entirely. If societal values come into play during this stage of scientific research, the outcome of that research could potentially be distorted or misunderstood. As such, science performs its function best when isolated from external influences such as social and/or political values. In most cases, science that functions as an autonomous entity is science that functions correctly. If science were to operate in the same sphere of influence as society and politics, then the process of scientific research would inevitably be influenced to some extent. Even minor influences can potentially influence and distort the results of scientific research. This is extremely problematic because everything from the testing of medical treatments, to the policy-making function, reinforces the integrity of science, since the direct involvement of values in making a scientific evaluation is one of the main indicators of junk science or pseudoscience. Overall, I think Douglas's statement about the "value-laden" ideal is more precise and effective than Thomas Kuhn's argument for the value-free ideal. Kuhn's ideal seems to be much broader and more general than Douglas's, which seems to be more precise. Douglas' ideal also attempts to compensate for things that Kuhn's theory cannot do, such as admitting that even scientific researchers themselves will inevitably impart small biases during research. Even the smallest and simplest decisions in science are influenced directly or indirectly by external values. The relationship between science and social values is mutual and impossible to sever.
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