Sometimes called garbage, municipal solid waste consists of everyday objects that are used and then thrown away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps , newspapers, household appliances, paints and batteries, which come from our homes, schools, hospitals and businesses. Compared to today's current municipal solid waste levels, before 1850, this production was very low. “In the pre-industrial era, people did not have access to convenient and efficient ways to transport goods from one place to another, therefore, their access to food and goods from only local sources was limited, eliminating the need for common packaging” . Waste management was conducted by or on behalf of individual property owners by removing waste from the building and placing it on the ground, uncovered or buried, whereby food waste was often fed to animals, particularly pigs, and deposited in bodies open bodies of water, such as ponds, swamps, lakes, rivers and oceans. In some areas, crowding became a chronic problem, wells became polluted, and deaths from epidemic diseases rapidly increased as discarded waste created overflows in alleys and streets, pigs roamed freely, slaughterhouses emitted sickening fumes, and rats and cockroaches they infested most homes, including White. House. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get Original EssayAn open landfill is defined as a landfill disposal site where solid waste is disposed of in a manner that does not protect the environment, is susceptible to open burning, and is exposed to the elements, carriers, and scavengers. There are some environmental problems caused by open landfills. Open landfills provide breeding grounds for dangerous contaminants such as rats, which can spread diseases such as tetanus and rabies, and mosquitoes with viruses, such as St. Louis encephalitis. Drinking water is threatened from open landfills and also from the earth's surface with regards to safety risks from sharp objects or needles, explosive methane fuel levels and unstable slopes, which can shift and potentially injure or kill. In a survey conducted, the study on the composition of fresh solid waste shows that "samples from the open landfill contained approximately 90-95% combustible materials and the non-combustible fraction was approximately 1-5%". Early landfill is the name given to what has replaced the burning of waste in open landfills. “The first landfills took the place of those landfills, without any effort to compact or cover the waste.” An open landfill is different from a landfill in that it is an excavated piece of land used as a repository for waste materials which is not regulated by the government, while a landfill is also an excavated piece of land used for the storage of waste, but It is regulated by the government. There are some disadvantages associated with early landfills such as leachate, methane, incomplete decomposition, and sedimentation or sinkholes. Leachate is water with various pollutants that drains from landfills. This is considered the most serious problem of landfills due to the damage they can cause to the environment if they leak. In addition to the potential health risks caused by leachate, there are many other concerns such as fires and explosions, damage to vegetation, unpleasant odors, landfill deposits, groundwater pollution, air pollution and global warming. Methane is a byproduct of anaerobic activity (oxygen deficiency). It is a tasteless, colorless gas,odourless, highly flammable and also poses a serious threat to the climate. Methane can seep through cracks because it is light and therefore can cause an explosion. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “methane accounts for approximately 10% of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities such as natural gas systems, landfills, coal mining, and manure management systems.” On the other hand, especially as natural gas, methane is an important fuel source, as it produces fewer greenhouse gases when burned than coal or oil. Methane also creates some climate risks because it sometimes escapes during extraction and transportation, causing hydraulic fractures. Since biodegradable materials degrade very slowly, this has caused incomplete decomposition in landfills. Petroleum-based plastic resists decay, and after decades, you can still read buried newspapers. Water is a vital ingredient in decomposition, but at the same time it produces toxic leachates in landfills. Sedimentation is one of the results of incomplete decomposition. Incomplete decomposition can cause both atmospheric and hydrological effects. Sedimentation or sinkholes occur in landfills as shallow depressions or deep holes. They are caused by loading and other processes such as chemical and microbial actions. Factors such as leachate composition, temperature and humidity are what control sediment. As a result, “sedimentation in landfilled waste, especially long-term sedimentation, is complex and difficult to predict in terms of both magnitude and timing.” Settlement can eventually cause problems, such as cracks in the roofing and damage to gas and liquid collection and drainage systems. “Modern landfills are well-designed and managed facilities for the disposal of solid waste. They are located, designed, operated and monitored to ensure compliance with federal regulations.” Modern landfills are always designed to prevent liquids from escaping and entering the environment. Compared to early landfills, modern landfills are highly regulated and advanced municipal solid waste landfills. Modern landfills are built with a variety of safeguards, including clay or plastic lining to contain leachate, while early landfills were unregulated dumps with no effort to compact or cover the waste. While early landfills were created on unused land without regard to the environmental effect on the surrounding population, the creation of modern landfills takes into consideration the health of people and the environment. Furthermore, the first landfills were designed that allowed waste to be deposited directly on the ground without barriers or coverings. As a result, leachate seeps through the waste, picks up harmful contaminants and then enters the soil, but with the design of modern landfills there are protective clay or plastic liners that provide a barrier between the disposed waste and the soil beneath. This allows any liquid that develops in the waste to be collected and treated to prevent contamination. The Altamont Landfill in California is an award-winning facility recognized internationally for its sustainable practices and leadership in landfill management. The landfill is engaged in the composition. This facility provides countywide processing of up to 500 tons per day of residential green waste collected along with food waste. Altamont Landfill provides sustainable landscaping products to farmers, gardeners and landscapers, a product line of.