International Studies Quarterly, Vol 17, no. 2. Pages 147-174. Michael J. Shapiro is an American nationalist and professor of political science at the University of Hawaii. He is best known as an educator, theorist and writer. His works are often described as “post disciplinary”. International relations theory, comparative politics, sociology and indigenous politics are some of his main interests in addition to his many lists of interests. He has written a couple of books, “Cinematic Politics” and “Politics and Time” are two nominees among others. His co-author G. Matthew Bonham is a professor emeritus of political science, is a member of the faculty affiliated with the International Relations Program, Maxwell School. He specializes in international relations, public diplomacy, international politics, foreign policy decision-making, and more. He teaches courses in comparative foreign policy, advanced public diplomacy, international affairs, etc. One of his publications is titled “The 'War on Terror'. His research interest has been concentrated in the field of public diplomacy and international political communications. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayIn this article, Shapiro and Bonham talked about foreign policy decision-making based on past and present studies with a psychological orientation, emphasizing the influence of psychological factors characteristic of those involved in foreign policy decision-making. This includes both individuals and groups. Their focus is more on current studies, including the significance on perception, cognition and information processing. In contrast to perception and information processing, the cognitive process approach has attempted to an exact extent to disseminate the beliefs of decision makers. And direct their belief structures to dig deeper into how international events are understood and political alternatives are considered. The ultimate goal of this investigation is once again focused on the identification and responses to international events by foreign policy decision makers. With the use of two dimensions in this approach. First and foremost, the explanation of cognitive dynamics. Second, there is the dimension of how foreign policy explanations should be expressed. In other words, the main objective of this investigation should be defined as “policy-oriented”. The argument identified in this article is that the cognitive approach used to explain events in the international community by foreign policy decision makers is conceptualized under normative implications and theoretical perspective. However, the two conceptions do not agree with each other. From the normative implication perspective, the cognitive process approach to foreign policy decision making relies lightly on building a comprehensive theoretical framework that allows foreign policy decision makers to explain and predict the decisions that would be made by decision makers when examining the nature of international events. However, from a theoretical perspective, the interpretation of events in the international environment depends on the possible outcomes. Foreign policy decision makers use the deductive process to maximize expected gains relative to expected losses. The article is intended to be examined by foreign policy makers, other researchers and scholars in international relations and political science who have interests in foreign policy, public diplomacy, international affairs, etc. Also including international relations students..