IndexGenome:Human Genome Project:Why was it important?History of the Human Genome Project:Strategies used as part of the Human Genome Project:Yeast Artificial Chromosome:RFLP Technology:Positional Cloning:Express Sequence Tags (EST ): Shotgun Sequencing Method: Microsatellites: Genetic Mapping: Link: Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project: Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion Genome: An entire arrangement of DNA with each of the qualities of life forms is called a genome. The genome contains all the data necessary for the maintenance of the creature. In humans, a duplicate of the entire genome (more than 3 billion bases of DNA combined) is contained within cells. The human genome includes approximately 100,000 qualities; these are located on 23 sets of chromosomes, one set for each parent, made up of a matching sex chromosome and 22 sets of autosomal chromosomes. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get Original Essay Human Genome Project: To decide the grouping of the genome and distinguish the qualities it contains a worldwide research effort called as human genome adventure has been resolved. Furthermore, understanding the structure and association of qualities will account for an efficient investigation of their typical capabilities and control in a living being. Why was it important? The work of the Human Genome Project has allowed researchers to understand the blueprint for building a person. As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a greater impact on the fields of medicine, biotechnology and life sciences. History of the Human Genome Project: In 1988, a committee organized by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy developed an action plan for the Human Genome Project. In 1990, a five-year joint research proposal was presented to Congress, and in October 1990 the Human Genome Project officially began. The project was organized and supported primarily by the DOE and NIH, which established working groups to address genome mapping, computational analysis to manage databases, and the social, legal, and ethical implications of human genome research. In 1988, the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) was founded, facilitating international scientific effort. The actual overlap of the Human Genome Project is enormous. Mapping and sequencing was initially expected to take 15 years and be completed in 2005 at an estimated cost of three billion dollars. However, recent reports say progress has been faster than previously expected. Once mapping and sequencing are complete, it will take many years to fully identify all genes and determine the format of gene expression. Goals of the Human Genome Project: The primary goal of the Human Genome Project is to generate detailed maps of the human genome. These maps will help determine the location of genes within the human genome; more specifically, it will assign genes to their chromosomes. There are two types of maps in development, genetic linkage maps and physical maps. Genetic linkage maps determine the relative arrangement and approximate distances between genes and markers on chromosomes, physical maps specify the physical location and distance between genes or DNA fragments. Once mapping is complete, the DNA must be sequenced to determine the order of all the nucleotide bases of the chromosomes, and the genes in the DNA sequence must be identified. In all aspects of the project, the main objective was the development ofinstrumentation to increase the speed of data collection and analysis. Strategies used as part of the human genome project: A wide range of procedures have been attempted to sequence and map the genome. Some have reduced usage due to time and accuracy concerns. Once a lead has been resolved this data can be used to find the gene causing the disease and then fix it. Artificial Yeast Chromosome: This is done by cloning large pieces of DNA in yeast. The overlapping segments are used to put the DNA together. YAC technology led to the mapping of chromosomes 3, 11, 12, 21, 22 and Y. RFLP technology: RFLP technology, which identifies variations, was one of the first used in mapping. Indeed, it proved that mapping was possible. This technique was both expensive and slow. The replacement of this technique is the polymerase chain reaction - PCR. PCR rapidly clones existing DNA, so you get more DNA. This now large amount of DNA can be sequenced with the help of a primer.Positional cloning:Positional cloning allows the characterization of a gene once its approximate location is known. This technique has helped identify genes for breast cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Express sequence tags (ESTs): Another method involves ESTs – expressed sequence tags – which are single-stranded DNA. These DNA segments act as bait to identify the sequence of a gene. However, this procedure cannot identify all genes and ignores many others. Shotgun sequencing method: The shotgun method has been used for smaller genomes and can be applied to the human genome. This results in DNA breaking into thousands of pieces. These fragments are sequenced and overlapping segments are matched to reveal the genome.Microsatellites:Microsatellites are commonly used in mapping. Microsatellites are areas of repetitive DNA. Advantages of microsatellites include abundance, variation, and ability to be analyzed by PCRGenetic gapping: locates gene pairs on chromosomes. Using genetic mapping it is possible to determine the genetic code that allows our body to develop. Linking: Allows us to determine regions of chromosomes that may contain a risk gene. The link helps pinpoint the distance between disease-causing genes. Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project: The Human Genome Project provides valuable information to increase our understanding of the genome, but it also has some limitations. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and address questions raised by genomic research that would impact individuals, families, and society. A percentage of the Human Genome Project budget at the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy has been earmarked for ELSI research. The ELSI program focused on the possible consequences of genomic research in four main areas: Privacy and fairness in the use of genetic information, including the potential for genetic discrimination in employment and insurance. The integration of new genetic technologies, such as genetic testing, into the practice of clinical medicine. Ethical issues surrounding the design and conduct of genetic research with people, including the informed consent process. Education of healthcare professionals, politicians, students and the public about genetics and the complex issues arising from genomic research What the Project has achieved.