Index ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PRENATAL AND SELECTIVE ABORTION PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE TECHNIQUE OF PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS SELECTIVE ABORTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS (CAPITAL PENALTY FOR PARENTAL ''CRIMES'') DECISIONS ON PREGNANCY (RIGHT OF PARENTS AGAINST SOCIETY'S LAW) SOCIETY'S ETHICS REGARDING SELECTIVE ABORTION CONTROL OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: THE PRECONCEPTION OPTION GENETIC TESTING AND STRATEGIC REPRODUCTIVE CHOICES EDUCATION FOR CARRIER PARENTS HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH SCD CONCLUSION It is a genetic disease related to the blood and it can be transmitted from parents to children. one type is the most common and is known as sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease and in this disease the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells that look like a sickle or crescent moon. These sickle- or crescent-shaped cells come together and block small blood vessels so that blood can't get where it should, and can therefore cause various problems. Around 5-6 months problems begin and various health-related damages can develop, such as invasion of pain, paralysis, inflammation in the feet and hands, as people age they can develop long-term pain. Sickle cell anemia is caused when a mutation occurs in a gene that tells the body to produce an essential protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to carry oxygen to all parts of the body and the lungs. To get SCD you need to have two altered hemoglobin genes, one from each parent. If only one of these genes exists, then you have sickle cell trait, which is extremely minor. Sickle cell anemia is the most common type of sickle cell anemia in which two sickle cell genes are present. HOW DO THEY CAUSE SICK CELL ANEMIA? Proteins (hemoglobin) that are vital to sickle cell genes affect the making of those proteins. These proteins are present in red blood cells and also in some part of the blood. Hemoglobin transmits oxygen and also gives red dye to the blood. Normal hemoglobin is called HbA but in the presence of the sickle cell gene it synthesizes abnormal hemoglobin. Therefore their function is different from that of HbA. under certain circumstances, HbS changes the shape of red blood cells instead of the normal shape. they become crescent or sickle shaped. This is called a sickle cell situation, which causes infections, dehydration, less oxygen and acid. The signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia include. Paleness, tiredness, dizziness, lack of snorting, petulant, rapid heartbeat, worry when paying attention. Sickle cell anemia is known as a group of diseases characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin and hemoglobin S. The World Health Association states that 7% of pregnant women and 5.2% of the world's population can pass on the abnormal hemoglobin gene. in sub-Saharan Africa SCD is very ubiquitous. The genotype characterized is that Hb SC and Hb SS are dominant in the population affected by sickle cell anemia. According to some Ghanaian studies, the carrier rate in the population is 30% and 2% of Ghanaian newborns are affected by sickle cell anemia. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PRENATAL AND SELECTIVE ABORTION In the 1970s, prenatal diagnosis was made familiar on the basis that genetic counseling eliminates the anxiety of the mother, and also that of the children. who are born with certain diseases decrease their quantity and exceed the financial gains for society. Selective abortion and prenatal diagnosis have some advantages such as easing anxiety, avoiding interruptionsof the pregnancy and the information of the unborn child to the hopeful parents. Numerous ethical dilemmas arise. Some of these ethical issues. Like selective abortion and the moral justification of PND, the time of pregnancy and the technique of PND are also offered. Parents' right versus society's right regarding pregnancy on the decision. Selective abortion, the risk of PND, its benefits, and the ethics of aborting the hereditarily incapacitated fetus will be considered. PROBLEMS RELATING TO PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE Typically, PND relies on the invasive technique of chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis to remove material from the fetus for testing. CVS and amniocentesis are linked to a 1 to 3 percent risk of miscarriage. At the beginning of pregnancy it is possible to perform chorionic villus sampling and then amniocentesis. However, it carries the risk of injury to the fetus. Some parents would prefer early diagnosis to reduce the psychological effect of abortion. Conversely, it may pose a greater risk of inducing the abortion of a normal baby, which raises an ethical conundrum. Some geneticists believe that the expected individual should accept an abortion. If the consequence of the test is a positive turnout. Before the PND offer. WHAT IF THE PARENTS MAKE THE PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS BUT CHOOSE NOT TO Abort? SHOULD THIS MOTHER BE ALLOWED TO HAVE PND? AFTER THE EXAM, PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE RESULT. DOES THE MOTHER UNDERSTAND IT? IS IT ACCURATE THAT GENETIC COUNSELING SHOULD NOT BE DIRECTIVE? Others and genetic counselors have wondered whether it is practically or theoretically possible to have nondirective counseling. Some controversies presume an implicit prejudice to selectively abort the fetus deemed imperfect. Program leaders implicitly evaluate PND achievement through an unstated protective catalog. Abnormal unborn children are prevented from the next birth detected by PND. So how can genetic counseling be non-directive and offer free choice to mothers? The non-directivity is highlighted by the fact that the action of the information provided on fetal infirmity and deficiencies in the medical context with the offer of abortion as a substitute makes abortion itself a live option. SELECTIVE ABORTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS (CAPITAL PUNISHMENT FOR ''CRIMINAL'' PARENTS) The recent law on abortion in Ghana has legalized the termination of pregnancy if serious illnesses or physical anomalies occur. While the law does not define severity, it allows termination of intercourse if pregnant women are at high risk. Consequently, on the basis of maternal psychological pain, the law supports selective abortion. While in selective abortion an open-minded policy seems like a moral success that evades suffering by getting rid of abnormal fetuses. if prenatal diagnosis has only one purpose: to treat and identify postnatal or prenatal abnormalities, there will be very little, if any, objection. Unfortunately, maximum PND is performed for identification and to selectively abort abnormal babies, generates ethical dilemmas. However, it will appear that an unborn child with a genetic abnormality has been punished with capital punishment for a crime he did not commit. The question arises: whose fascination is in the service of PND: is it the parents, society or the unborn child? If PND leads to postnatal or prenatal treatment, then obviously the child's best interests have been helped and the goal will be to give a healthier life to that child. The influence of abortion related to psychology following prenatal diagnosis is well documented. These are emotionally destructive consequences of living children and their parents, depression, anger, guilt and other painful conditions. An author poses, for the woman and hispartner, the choice following the prenatal diagnosis of a serious genetic weakness that to terminate the pregnancy can be distressing. If SCD were not suitable in life or there was no acceptable treatment, there would be fewer ethical dilemmas. PREGNANCY DECISIONS (PARENTAL RIGHT VERSUS SOCIETY'S RIGHT) For women or couples whose prenatal diagnosis reveals positive consequences it means demonstrating an anomaly. A series of public, stress, religious and moral aspects determine the choice made. emotional inconsequence of the accumulation of the decision that the child suffering from sickle cell disease can abort. a situation that is not compatible with life on a sensible level. especially for that desired child it can take a toll of guilt on couples and pregnant women. In balancing the privileges of couples with the privileges of society in the decision regarding termination and continuation of pregnancy, a reluctant mother may abort the child who is affected by force. accessible in some justification to avoid the birth of those children who present serious infirmities. According to frailty specialists, if the PND uses it in this way it would be against disabled people and would infer that their lives are considered less precious than those of non-disabled people. In some cases, there are several people living with disabilities who contribute more to society than many people who are not disabled. What if a genetics-related test indicated that Stephen Hawking's parents would have a child who later developed a disability? In other words, would a mother abort her fetus if she knew that her unborn child could, despite severe disabilities, become severely disabled? In recent times, sickle cell anemia has an admissible feature of life and a considerable chance of life, despite competitions in the love of the person. with the disorder. When society chooses SCD for the selective abortion of a fetus, it has chosen the convenient person, not essentially the one who is best. Unfortunately, this choice raises innumerable ethical concerns.CONTROLLING SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: THE OPTIONFrom the previous point, prenatal diagnosis is a questionable option and selective abortion is equally useful for controlling sickle cell anemia in Ghana. A Ghanaian hematologist says: I WILL NOT SPONSOR SELECTIVE ABORTION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS. YOU WILL NOT KNOW WHO OR WHAT YOU ARE ABORTING ''WE BELIEVE ON THREE LEVELS THAT CAN BE RELATED TO SICKLE CELL ANEMIA MOST CONSISTENT WITH GOOD CONSCIENCE AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES THESE ARE PRECONCEPTS REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIC CHOICES AND GENETIC TESTING, EDUCATION AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS FOR PORT COUPLES ATORS. GENETIC TESTING OF PRECONCEPTION AND STRATEGIC REPRODUCTIVE CHOICES EDUCATION FOR CARRIER PARENTS At this level the greatest dilemmas and ethical challenges arise. However, the options are clear. When prospective parents are not aware of the prestige of their career, and until the birth there are no problems. The pregnancy will continue naturally until childbirth or, if necessary, the loss of the fetus may occur. when prospective parents learn of their carrier status, the real problem occurs here. should these couples undergo PND? We have already mentioned the aid from the PND. We are not in favor of selective abortion of SCD because we are convinced that the diagnosis is very valid for the majority of children affected in recent times. We trust that the genetic makeup of the fetus should not have the final say on its purpose. The test results should provide parents with useful information for caring for their children. They need up-to-date and relevant information on how to care for their child in various ways.