1. In the First Amendment, the clause that states “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion” is based on the Establishment Clauses incorporated into the amendment. This clause prohibits the government from establishing a state religion and then imposing it on its citizens to believe in it. Without this clause, the government can force participation in the chosen religion, and then punish anyone who does not obey the chosen faith. This clause was at issue in a court case mentioned in Gaustad's reading “Proclaiming Freedom Throughout the Land.” March v. Chambers was a court case involving the Establishment Clause. Chambers was a member of the Nebraska state legislature who began each session with prayers from a state-paid chaplain. The case claimed that this violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. However, the court stated that the Establishment Clause was not violated by the prayer, but was violated due to the chaplain being paid from public funds. The free exercise clause is also part of the first amendment which states that “prohibit free exercise exercise thereof.” This clause limits and prohibits congress from regulating popular religion. Although it is not generally accepted, minority groups of different religions can practice their faith and not be subject to any disciplinary action for doing so. Citizens can freely practice their religion, and the government cannot impose a law prohibiting the exercise of that religion. This clause was at issue in the court case Tucaso v. Watkins in which he stated in Gaustad's reading "Proclaim liberty throughout the land." Tucaso refused to declare his belief in God, which led to his appointment as Note...... center of paper ......ic interest. The initiative and referendum are generally described as an expansion of democracy, giving people the opportunity to be more involved in state legislation when laws ignore the common interest of the public. One of the main similarities of these two systems is that they both have a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislatures are divided into two decision-making bodies: a senate and an assembly (Starr, 62). In this type of system it is difficult to make a partial decision. Both also have 3 branches of government, including the executive branch, consisting of the governor of California and the president of the United States; the legislative branch, which includes the U.S. Congress and the California state assembly; and the judicial branch, which includes the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of the State of California.