“Life has passed me as if I had never lived” - These are Firs' last words as he lies ill after everyone has abandoned him in the orchard. Being an avid follower of defunct theories, he is unable to accept the fact that what he preaches is what led to his downfall. Instead, he blindly blames the “young people,” a somewhat ironic statement. After a life of servile and selfless devotion, his descendants left him behind. Firs' death is the symbol of how the Ranevsky family is leaving behind all the defunct theories that had taken over them. In the most realistic world it could represent the true end of the Russian feudal way of life. In this discussion I will talk about outdated ideas, as seen in the comedies Ghosts and The Cherry Orchard. Outdated ideas are obsolete and archaic life ideas that are no longer relevant in their respective societies, but which are nevertheless still followed by few. Although they have lost absolute value in society, people continue to cling to them with strong vehemence. Ibsen and Chekov highlight the flaws of the societies they come from, with the intention of raising awareness among societies. The purpose of these plays may be to introduce us to the ancient and traditional views of the common people and secular people of Europe. Both authors use a single family as an attempt to reflect the microscopic changes occurring in society at the macroscopic level. Thus, the families of Mrs. Ranevsky and Mrs. Alving can be perceived as a microcosm of Russia and Norway at the time. Ibsen wrote Ghosts in the form of a socio-political play that highlights different perspectives through characters. Pastor Manders was the spokesperson of society reflecting social norms, while Oswald and Mrs. Alving have a modern ou...... middle of paper ...... the game of aristocracy was better than equality. This is seen again in his conversation with Gayev as he talks about some problems and when asked what problems they were, he responded by saying, “When the serfs were given freedom.” From this one would undoubtedly feel that there is something strange in the first thoughts. The various conflicts presented in the work help readers adopt such radical thoughts by allowing them to think that it is impractical to follow these defunct theories. The conflicts between the characters' different perspectives on various aspects, such as marriage, help readers realize the change in people's opinions caused by modernization in Norwegian as well as Russian society during that period. Through their books the authors present the problems faced by these people with different mentalities living in the same society.