American presidents often establish foreign policies that affect the citizens of the country and America. The invasion of Panama was part of the restoration of American military prestige after years of doubt. The invasion of Panama was an extension of the nation's plans for a drug-free America (US II. 33). Finally, the invasion of Panama is an example of presidential foreign policy involving America in foreign affairs. The invasion of Panama was a conflict that marked the beginning of better decision making, but it also had flaws, which continued until the Persian invasion. Gulf War of 1991. It began with the decision to invade Grenada; President Reagan's ability to “react quickly and convincingly to a perceived threat to regional stability” (decision making) was critical to rebuilding American military prestige. Unfortunately this decision had taken the United States "by surprise, since there were no plans for it and there were not even adequate maps on which to base the most rudimentary reconnaissance" (Decision-Making). With the spontaneity of Grenada, US decision makers were expected to react quickly and effectively. Decision makers had anticipated complications, but problems arose that they did not expect. Communication between the three services: Army, Navy and Air Force was not compatible, causing decision makers to lack consistent and immediate knowledge of operations. When it came time to invade Panama, the preparation was far better, even though it was mostly an “Army-led single-service operation” (decision making). The most elusive aspect for the planners was the enemy, Manuel Noriega. The main purpose of the invasion was to remove President Manuel Nori... center of the card... Intelligence and security. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 312-315. Gale United States History in Context. Network. 13 December 2011. http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3403300213&userGroupName=mlin_s_hullhs&jsid= 2be90 fb974b37f6aca36a57ec3c49ff74. “Operation Just Cause Pamphlet.” Primary sources of the American decades. Ed. Cinzia Rosa. vol. 9: 1980-1989. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 278-281. Gale United States History in Context. Network. 12 December 2011. http://ic.galegroup.com:80/ic/uhic/PrimarySourcesDetailsPage/PrimarySourcesDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=PrimarySources&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=UHIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3490201716&userGroupName=m l in_s_hullhs&jsid=68dd910f93f1958acb34cbec8722593c