Factors Associated with Childlessness Trends: (1000 Words) Trends in Marriage, Trends in Family Formation – Drawing from the Literature. Role of voluntary and involuntary factors (1000 words) Is it due to the lack of children due to infertility or to circumstances or choice? - Drawing from the literature. The risk of infertility increases with the delay of the first birth. The duration of reproduction is also reduced and so is the number of offspring. Changes in educational attainment also lead to a postponement of fertility (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). A high tolerance towards childlessness is found in the dominant postmodern values ​​in Sweden which propagate the importance of free time and friends in life and that children, although considered important, are not necessary for a fulfilling life (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). In Sweden, women with tertiary education are believed to have higher rates of infertility than others (Olah and Bernhardt, 2008). Sweden observed the highest female labor force participation in Europe and was considered the main reason for the decline in fertility in the 1960s and 1980s in Sweden, along with the post-work mortality rate. modern values ​​and use of contraception that have provided women with greater control over pregnancy (Olah and Bernhardt 2008)) In contrast to the above, Sweden, which is the forerunner in the second demographic transition, has observed the highest fertility trends in Europe and the lowest ones in Sweden which fluctuated markedly in the 1960s and 1970s (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). With the dominance of postmodern values ​​in this increasingly secularized society, Sweden prides itself on having one of the highest ideal family sizes in the European Union, and the number of childless children is relatively low (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). Bernhardt 2008). Sweden also has the highest labor force participation rate in the whole of Europe and the level of education among women is also equal to that of men (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). In Sweden, family policies play an important role in maintaining high fertility levels, which are based on equality between social groups and gender (Olah and Bernhardt 2008). Eligibility for parental leave and other benefits is linked to labor force attachment, and thus family policies play an important role in changes in fertility rates (Ola and Bernhardt 2008). Some researchers credit improved economic status and educational attainment have contributed to delays in marriage and childbearing and increased divorce and single mothers (Danziger and Ratner 2010) refer to source Claudia Goldin (2006) describes the increased involvement of women in economics as the most notable change in labor markets in the 20th century.