Cereals are the main source of food worldwide. Among cereals, rice, corn and wheat are the main crops in terms of production, cultivated area and source of nutrition, especially in developing countries. Approximately 70% of the cultivated area is dedicated to cereal crops. The world population is expected to increase by around 9 billion in 2050 and the demand for staple grains such as rice, corn and wheat, etc. will increase thereafter. (Dixon et al. 2009). Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay Rice (Oryza sativa L) is a member of the grass family and, as a cereal, is an important source of food for much of the world's population. Along with corn, rice is grown in most tropical and subtropical regions. Rice is grown in approximately 114 countries worldwide in Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and northern Australia. Asia comprises 90% of the world's rice production in China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Vietnam. There are various rice growing systems that have evolved to acclimate specific environments, such as irrigated lowlands, rainfed lowlands, deep waters, tidal wetlands, and plateaus. Irrigated rice is the major and dominant cropping system in the world. In the total production of food grains, rice contributes 43%, while for the total production of cereals it accounts for 46%. It plays the most important role in the national reservoir of food grains. Rice cultivation ranks third after wheat and corn in terms of world production. In India, rice ranks first among cereals in terms of surface area and production. Rice is grown in most states of India. West Bengal is the highest rice producing state and Tamil Nadu has the highest productivity (Simon and Anamika 2011). In India, cultivated rice has an area of ​​about 44 million hectares and an annual production of about 110.15 million tonnes (Directorate of Economy and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers' Welfare 2017- 2018). The rice crop infected with various pests and diseases, including several plant nematodes infect the host rice. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) adapted to each rice cropping system with foliar and root parasites (Nicol et al. 2011). Leaf parasites consist of Aphelenchoides besseyi and Ditylenchus angustus. A. besseyi is a seed-borne nematode that causes rice disease. The symptom produced by A. besseyi is a whitening of the portion of the leaf tip (White tip Disease) which turns into necrosis, distortion of the flag leaf in which the panicle is enclosed. Plants infected with A. besseyi are stunted, decrease in vigor, and their panicles become deformed, producing small kernels (Ou 1985). Another foliar pest, D. angustus (Ufra disease), distributed in Southeast Asia, particularly in lowland and deep-water rice cropping systems. Root nematode parasites (rice) consist of migratory endoparasites (Hirschmanniella spp.), sedentary endoparasites (cyst and root knot nematodes), and various ectoparasites. Cyst nematode species distributed in lowland, upland and flooded rice cropping systems are Heterodera oryzicola, H. oryzae, H. sacchari, etc. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are important pests of vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, other dicots, and a few monocots. The main species of RKN are Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M.sandstone, M. graminicola, etc. widely distributed in the tropics/subtropics while M. hapla in the subtemperate climate. (Sasser 1980; Sasser et al. 1984; Dasgupta and Gaur 1986; Soriano and Reversat 2003; Somasekhar and Prasad 2009). As a staple food crop, rice has increasingly diverted the attention of nematologists to study the physiological and molecular interaction between rice and PPN to help improve rice production worldwide. There are several RKN species infected in rice and the main species is Meloidogyne graminicola (RRKN) (Golden and Birchfield, 1965) widely distributed in South and South-East Asia such as Burma, Bangladesh, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, India, China and the Philippines (Pankaj et al. 2010) in upland, irrigated, rainfed lowland, deep-water rice (Arayarungsarit 1987; Bridge 1990; Bridge and Page 1982; Cuc and Prot 1992; Gaur et al. 1993, 2001; Socioeconomic factors and climate change can lead to increasing water shortages, increased production costs and also severely limit rice yields, jeopardizing food security in the lowlands has raised issues internationally as the traditional system Paddy production consumes a huge amount of water in the Southeast Asian region; water requirements are very high to support this type of rice production in Asia, currently 17 million hectares suffer from water scarcity and by 2025 water scarcity is expected to affect 22 million hectares of surface area. Therefore, it is mandatory to rely on water-saving rice production systems such as direct wet seeding, intermittent irrigation, raised bed, aerobic rice and many others. But the large-scale introduction of these methods leads to the development of a huge population of M. graminicola (Waele and Elsen 2007). M. graminicola is very well adapted to flooded conditions allowing it to continue to multiply within the host tissue even if the roots are under deep water. Young specimens of the second instar of M. graminicola penetrate the rice root in upland conditions behind the root tip. Juveniles fail to penetrate when rice roots are flooded, but invade immediately when the soil is drained. RRKN populations decline rapidly after 4 months, while juveniles and numerous egg masses remain viable for at least 5 to 14 months under waterlogged soil conditions. M. graminicola has a very short life cycle, it completes in 15-20 days at 22-29⁰C.M. graminicola was first described in 1965 from grasses and oats in Louisiana. This nematode causes severe damage to upland, lowland, deepwater, and irrigated rice. The most noticeable symptom on rice root includes swollen, hooked root tips. Aboveground symptoms consist of stunting and chlorosis leading to crop and yield decline. This nematode lacks specific aboveground symptoms that underestimate belowground damage by growers (Mantelin et al. 2017). Grain yield loss due to M. graminicola in upland rice is expected to be around 2.6% for every 1000 nematodes present in the rhizosphere of young seedlings (Rao and Biswas 1973). The tolerance level of rice seedlings was determined to be less than one second juvenile stage/cm3 of soil in a flooded system (Plowright and Bridge 1990). Juveniles of the second stage (J2) penetrate the rice root behind the root tip zone, into the vascular tissue and produce a typical feeding cell, known as a giant cell (GC), which serves as a feeding site. nematode feeding. The cells surrounding the GC becomehyperplastic and hypertrophic to form the macroscopic hook-shaped galls on the root system (Kumari et al. 2016). M. graminicola is a problematic nematode of rice grain cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plains and causes significant yield loss (17-30%). It also occurs in all rice-growing states of India with heavy losses in rice production (MacGowan 1989; Jain et al. 2007). To combat M. graminicola, there are various cultural, biological, physical, mechanical and chemical management strategies. accessible methods but each method has certain restrictions. Among all, the chemical method is the most effective, but due to chemical toxicity, environmental problems and low availability on the market, it has limited use. Soil solarization is only possible on a small scale and is not recommended in temperate regions. Crop rotation is an effective option and can effectively manage nematodes, it may not be realistic in Southeast Asia due to land limitation, crop choice, seasonal flooding and the priority of farmers to take the rice harvest. Therefore, the development of resistant nematodecultivars is the most economical and sustainable strategy for nematode management. It is critical to look for a resistant source to manage M. graminicola. Sources of resistance have been discovered in African rice, Oryza glaberrima and O. longistaminata against M. graminicola (Soriano et al. 1999) and variability up to a certain level also reported in the Indian context (Kumari et al. 2016). Wild relatives of African rice (O. glaberrima, O. longistaminata and O. rufipogon) that are partially or completely resistant to M. graminicola can act as resistant donors for interspecific crosses with Asian rice cultivars, O. sativa (Plowright et al. 1999; Soriano et al. Minimal efforts have been made to develop nematode-resistant rice cultivars (Bridge et al. 2005). Appropriate screening used to identify nematode-resistant breeding lines will allow thousands of genotypes to be evaluated for the breeding program (Boerma and Hussey 1992. Numerous protocols have been published for searching for sources of resistance against other root-knot nematode species such as M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. hapla in soybean, tomato, potato, lettuce, pepper and a few other crops (Hussey and Janssen 2002) but very limited for M. graminicola in rice and wheat (Kumari et al. 2016). Progress has been made in developing powerful molecular genetics tools for use in the life sciences. These techniques can be used to improve yield, resistance to abiotic and biotic stress and quality characteristics of the crop. The development of various biotechnological tools is related to the recognition of the usefulness of landraces, wild relatives and cultivated varieties of different crop species as a source of valuable genes for developing resistance against nematodes/other pathogens and innumerable traits of agronomic/horticultural value (Yencho et al. al.2000). Insertional activation/mutagenesis marking has been reported to be a powerful genomic strategy to find new candidate genes and demonstrate variability for a particular trait (Weigel et al. 2000; Moin et al. 2016). This technology can be one of the auspicious tools to discover source resistance against M. graminicola in rice. The development of T-DNA-activated rice mutants is a potential approach to generate variants with different phenotypic characters. Screening mutants for the desired phenotypic trait and theMolecular characterization of insertion sequences provide a clue to the genes responsible for the variation in phenotype. Furthermore, this potential tool is capable of producing a large number of independent transformed lines with the likelihood of gain-of-function mutagenesis. High-throughput profiling of these activation marker lines provides useful resources for identifying genes involved in regulatory/biosynthetic pathways. T-DNA-tagged insertional mutants have been widely used to generate knowledge and identify genes responsible for various traits in rice for biotic and abiotic stress (Jeong et al. 2002). Among biotic stresses, mutant lines have been a great resource in the field of bacterial and fungal diseases (Lin et al. 2004). To date, no report on the usefulness of the variability of activation-tagged mutants for studying plant-nematode interaction has been demonstrated. A pMN20 activation tag vector with four copies of CaMV 35S enhancers and EPSPS modified with plant selectable marker glyphosate tolerant gene was cloned into pMN20. The resulting pMN20 EPSPS binary vector with 4X 35S enhancers was used to develop transformants that, when integrated into the recipient plant genome, can function in both orientations, thus effecting transcriptional activation of neighboring genes leading to a particular phenotype. Development of large numbers of mutants tagged with adequate activation to evaluate the variability of different traits has been limited in the Indian subcontinent. The main concern is the lack of high-throughput, amenable and genotype-independent transformation strategies. In this direction, a transformation strategy of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was developed based on non-tissue culture targeting the apical meristem and mediated in the transformation strategy of a series of crops including rice for different traits (Nagaveni et al. 2011). The advantage of the strategy is the ability to develop large numbers of transformants in which the tissue culture step is totally avoided. However, rigorous selection agent-based screening is required for identification of putative transformants (Shivakumara et al. 2017). Activation of the marked mutants in the background of a superior rice genotype JBT 36/14 was developed using the in planta transformation technique (Udaya Kumar personal commun). This pool of transformants is a potential source to select for any desired trait. Initial screening of some of these transformed rice occurrences showed some resistance against M. graminicola (Udaya Kumar personal commun). Henceforth these marked lines of activation are used to screen against M. graminicola. Nematodes suspended in PF-127 (plurionic gel) can move freely in three dimensions in response to stable chemical gradients emanating from host roots. Plurionic gel particularly suitable for screening rice plants against M. graminicola under in vitro conditions. PF-127 is a copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide rarely exhibits toxicity to nematodes or plant tissues (Wang et al. 2009; Dutta et al. 2011; Kumari et al. 2016). Host plants are normally exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, components of biotic stress obtained from fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects in addition to nematodes. Hosts suffer from any disease when there is an interaction between the host plant and the pathogen. Successful pathogenesis requires attachment to the host plant, perforation of the cell wall that serves as a physical barrier, and finally conquest of the plant's defense mechanism. There are two types of pathogens, one is necrotrophic that feeds.