Two studies considered of acceptable quality examined the association between specific functions and musculoskeletal discomfort. Some evidence was found for an association between the use of auxiliary functions and messaging and MSK-related distress (both in tablets and mobile phones), while the association between the frequency of telephone calls and MSK-related distress 'MSK was inconclusive. Sia Kwok et al. (2017) and Yang et al. (2016) found that those who used ancillary functions, such as browsing information and messaging on their devices, were associated with MSK distress. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay In the study by Kwok et al. (2017), adolescents who perceived distress due to MSK spent significantly more time per day browsing information (z=-5.96), watching TV/movies (z=-5.92), and texting (z= -4.36), while the number of body parts with discomfort increased with the hours spent using auxiliary functions (F = 6. 009, p). However, both studies had many potential sources of bias and therefore these results should be analyzed with caution. Future studies should seek to measure the level of discomfort caused by these tasks and examine how each may influence muscle activity and postures in adolescents. Yang et al (2016) found that participants who spent more than 3 hours per day talking on their smartphone had a significant correlation (p=0.04). ) with upper back discomfort Similar results have been found in the adult population and are probably due to prolonged static postures adopted while holding the phone during phone calls. The upper back can become a stabilizer for the head and neck while talking on the phone, with this position potentially resulting in the development of upper back pain if supported. Interestingly, Yang et al. (2016) also found that the group that spent more time talking experienced less wrist and hand discomfort than the group that spent less than 1 hour talking on the phone (OR=0.27, p=0, 03). This could be due to the isometric grip maintained when holding the phone or the fact that you spend less time doing other repetitive tasks such as messaging. However, because only this study examined phone calls as a risk factor, these findings should be interpreted with caution and future studies should further examine this association in the adolescent population. One study deemed high quality and one deemed low quality The study found associations between adopting various uncomfortable postures while using the device and the risk of discomfort due to MSK. However, different postures were examined in these studies and therefore the results should be interpreted with caution due to limited evidence. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a custom essay Further research is therefore warranted to determine whether these associations are strong. No studies specifically reported neck flexion postures, although this has been shown to be a risk factor in other reviews in the general population. However, it is likely that the high prevalence of neck and neck/shoulder pain observed in all studies in this review was related to prolonged neck flexion postures and therefore future studies should examine this in the population..