A kidney transplant is the transfer of a kidney (healthy kidney) from the body of a donor to the body of a patient who has very little or no kidney function. There are two types of kidney transplant donations, living donations and deceased donations. Although there are substantial differences between the two types of donation, both must meet certain conditions/standards. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay These conditions are the ability to meet donor/recipient compatibility, for example if the donor and the recipient do not have the same blood type, then the compatibility will be compromised and the transplant will not be successful as the recipient will reject the kidney. The ability to meet certain standards/requirements of the donor's condition, for example if the donor does not meet the minimum age requirements (for a living donation) or does not meet certain requirements in terms of physical well-being or if he has diseases such as diabetes or hypertension etc. The ability to meet certain requirements of the patient's condition, for example if the patient has diseases such as HIV, hepatitis A or B, cancer or diabetes. These requirements apply primarily to living donations, but some also apply to deceased donations, such as donor/recipient compatibility. If these conditions are not met, there can be serious complications especially for the patient but also for the donor, these complications can affect the survival times of the kidney (how long the kidney lasts in the patient) and can lead the patient to develop chronic rejection , acute rejection and/or cause the patient to develop diabetes, cancer (there is a greater chance of developing melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma) and so on. However, in living donations there are ethical issues, there is a high risk-benefit ratio, there is a greater risk for the donor. Also, the process of donating a kidney may entail some negative psychosocial consequences and so on, this will be discussed in detail in the essay. Patient/recipient compatibility is critical to consider when undergoing a kidney transplant. Numerous problems/problems can arise if donor/recipient compatibility does not meet the standards and requirements excluded by healthcare professionals. First, the blood type must match the donor's blood type so that it is compatible. This means that if the patient is type A, B, AB or O, the donor must also have the same blood type or have an O blood type since the O blood type is universal. If the patient's blood type does not correctly match the right blood type of the donor, this will have serious implications, because a reaction occurs when antigens on the donor's red blood cells react with antibodies in the recipient's plasma. For example, if a small amount of type A blood, possibly a unit of this type of blood consisting of A antigens, is transfused into someone with type B who has anti-type A antibodies in the blood, a reaction will occur transfusion. When a transfusion reaction occurs, an antibody binds to antigens on different red blood cells. This, in turn, can cause clumping/formation of red blood cells and blockage of blood vessels. Hemolysis then occurs when cells are destroyed by the body causing hemoglobin to be released from red blood cells into the blood. Bilirubin is then produced by the degradation of hemoglobin, which can cause the patient to develop jaundice. It can cause the patient to also develop an acute hemolytic reaction in which the patient candevelop fever, chills, chest or back pain, bleeding, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, a rapid drop in blood pressure, and/or kidney damage. A delayed hemolytic reaction may also occur, which is usually less severe or even asymptomatic, but destruction of blood cells will still occur. IThe patient will need an emergency blood transfusion, if however, for some reason, the patient's blood type is not known, it is safe for the patient to receive type O- blood. Type O- blood (which has no antigens on its surface) does not react with antibodies in the recipient's plasma (type O- blood is universal and can be used for all blood types). Those with type AB blood (which has no antibodies) are universal recipients because their plasma does not react with donated blood. This can severely affect the kidney transplant process as it will slow down the process of transplant surgery, so determining the blood type of the patient and donor is crucial. However, all this does not affect the donor. HLA typing is subsequently carried out. HLA typing is also called “tissue typing”. HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen, antigens are proteins found on cells in the body and there are six of them which have proven to be the most important in organ transplantation. Each person's tissues (there is an exception for identical twins) are all different when compared to each other. The transplant will be much more successful and last for a longer period of time if the HLA match between the donor and the recipient is better. This is due to the way chromosomes/DNA are inherited or passed down in a family, for example, a parent and their offspring have at least a 50% chance of matching, however, siblings have varied compatibility, which can vary 0 to 100 percent match rate. Unrelated donors (those who are not from the same family as the patient) The best match for the recipient is to have 12 matching s12 antigens. (This is known as a zero mismatch.) are less likely to match. Although, if the patient has a very common HLA type, it is possible and likely that all 12 markers will match, even if the deceased donor is unrelated, this may be a different case for living donations. Additionally, patients must undergo a blood test that measures anti-HLA antibodies; it is repeated monthly (sometimes) but less than that depending on the policy of the transplant program. While waiting for the transplant, the level of HLA antibodies can increase or decrease over time, HLA antibodies can be harmful to the transplanted organ, therefore they must be measured while waiting for the transplant, this also before surgery and after the transplant. Patients are considered HLA “sensitized” if their blood contains HLA antibodies, meaning it is best to find a donor with HLA types that avoid the HLA antibodies present in the patient's blood. If this is not met, there is a 13% greater risk of organ maladaptation in the patient's body [1] which can lead to side effects that can reduce the patient's quality of life and reduce the working capacity of the kidney during the years of transplant. . The compatibility test is considered very important and is repeated before the kidney transplant. Blood is taken from the recipient and the donor and is mixed together, if the recipient's cells attack and kill the donor's cells, the crossmatch will be positive, which means the recipient has antibodies against the donor's cells, which means that it is not compatible and does not work with the transplantwill cause rejection of the kidney. It is considered compatible if the results are negative. Overall, donor/recipient compatibility is crucial to the kidney donation and transplant process since if tissue typing, blood typing or cross-matching does not match both the patient and the donor, this can cause complications for the patient, they can numerous diseases such as chronic kidney disease or kidney rejection develop, which can cause the entire donation process and transplant surgery to be unsuccessful and time-consuming, but can also cause lower survival rates in worst-case scenarios . It can also affect the donor as it can cause loss of a kidney due to the failed operation, affect the quality of life and can cause emotional distress and physical complications such as hypertension, trauma, diabetes, etc. Secondly, the donor's condition can influence the kidney donation/transplant process. Factors such as age, illnesses/illnesses, whether the person uses drugs or smokes can influence kidney transplantation and donation. To begin with, the age of the kidney donor and its recipient must be taken into consideration in the matching process as donated kidneys are a scarce and life-saving resource, this is because it would help prolong life and reduce the number of patients on the death list. waiting for the transplant. This means that optimally healthy young kidneys are given to recipients who die long before the kidney stops functioning. If young patients were to get kidneys from an older donor, the kidneys could deteriorate long before the patient dies, which, in turn, means they would require them to return to dialysis or be transplanted again, making the procedure much more expensive in time limits as well as further increasing the number of patients on the waiting list. Donor age has been shown to be an important factor in terms of predicting long-term renal allograft function as “histopathological studies reveal 20–25% volume loss particularly in the cortex, fibrous thickening of the intima of the arteries and loss of glomeruli due to global sclerosis with enlargement of the remaining glomeruli and finally patchy tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis [4] in particularly elderly kidneys”. Research conducted by a medical professional at the 37th annual meeting and scientific exposition of the American Society of Nephrology in St. Louis, Missouri. They looked at more than 74,000 kidney transplants from deceased donors between 1990 and 2002, comparing the ages of the donors and recipients. The ages were compared because doctors were trying to determine how to maximize the use of the donated kidney and how to maximize its lifespan when it is transplanted into the patient. The results showed that 6,850 years of transplantation could have been saved over this twelve-year period if kidneys from young donors (aged 15 to 50) were matched with young recipients under the age of 60 and the kidneys younger. elderly (over 50 years of age) had been administered to older patients. at the age of 60. The kidneys could have increased the life of each transplant patient by an average of nine months. Because of the 9,250 transplants that would have been affected by this reallocation, this would have saved 6,850 transplant years over a twelve-year period. A total of 27,750 additional transplant years could have been saved and the kidney would have survived for an additional 3 years into the transplant kidney period.[3] Furthermore, in 1991, Donnelly et al. [5] published the results of 141 consecutive first cadaveric transplants and observed that 2-year graft failure was significantly.