The yellow fever virus is the Flavi virus. These are vector-borne acute febrile illnesses that occur in Africa and South America. In the last century, a large epidemic occurred in the Caribbean and North America and in Ethiopia in 1960-1962. There are seven genotypes of the virus, five in Africa and two in South America. It is transmitted by mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes and haemogogus species. We say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayAedes aegizi is responsible for urban epidemics. Mosquitoes can be infected on the first to third day of fever, and those mosquitoes remain infected for life. The virus enters through the mosquito bite where it multiplies. It has spread to the local lymphatic system, liver, spleen, kidneys, bone marrow, myocardium. Then necrotic lesions may occur in the liver, kidneys and degenerative changes in the spleen and lymph nodes. Cerebral changes occur with edema and petechial hemorrhages. Death usually results from liver and kidney or heart failure. Immunity is mediated by antibodies and lasts a lifetime. The clinical features are fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia. Most patients recover in the initial 7-day phase and may progress to a severe form of the disease with fever, jaundice, renal failure and hemorrhagic manifestations. 200,000 cases are reported per year and 90% are found in Africa. Disease transmission in South America is lower than in Africa due to the mass immunization program. Between 1990 and 2000, a resurgence of the disease occurred in Brazil due to poor vaccination and the migration of affected people from other countries. There were 9 reported traveler fatalities in the United States and Europe from 1970-2002. There are no antiviral treatments for this. Vigorous mosquito control and vaccination of all persons at least 10 days before arrival in the endemic country are preventive measures of yellow fever. 95% of vaccinated people persist for at least 30 years, and vaccination is contraindicated for children under 9 months of age, during intensity and for people allergic to eggs. More than 400 million doses of the vaccine have been administered and fewer adverse effects have been reported. In 2000, vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease was discovered. There are two main epidemiological cycles of transmission. They are urban and jungle. Urban yellow fever involves person-to-person transmission by household mosquitoes that breed in water storage in human settlements. Jungle one is transmitted from monkey to monkey by arboreal mosquitoes such as Haemagogus spp. Yellow fever has not spread to Asia, although carrier mosquitoes are available. It infects thousands of people due to poor immunization. Humid and semi-humid savannah rainforest where the sylvan cycle is more widespread due to the large population of monkeys. Most cases are reported in boys and men aged between 15 and 45 engaged in agricultural or forestry activities. Disease transmission increases with immigration, high urbanization and poor maintenance of vaccination programs. Epidemics occur regularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and in 1940 an epidemic occurred in the Nuba Mountains of southern Sudan. Removing mosquito breeding sites is an important preventative measure. Please note: this is just an example. Get a custom paper from our expert writers now. Get a Custom Essay Kidney virus causes tubular necrosis.